Programming languages used in web development are used to create and manage the appearance and behaviour of websites and web applications. These languages cover both the frontend (what users see) and the backend (the server side and databases). In this article I introduce the 9 best web development languages in 2025, their limitations and their best use cases.

Programming languages for web development

The 9 most popular web development languages

JavaScript: JavaScript is a programming language most commonly used to make websites interactive: it can handle user actions, dynamically change page content and communicate with the server. It is also suitable for server-side applications, mobile apps and other types of development.

Python: Python is an easy-to-learn, versatile programming language widely used for data processing, web development, artificial intelligence and automation.

Ruby: Ruby is a simple programming language mainly used for web development, especially with the Ruby on Rails framework for building applications quickly and efficiently.

Java: Java is a platform-independent, object-oriented programming language used to build enterprise applications, mobile apps (Android) and server-side systems.
PHP: PHP is a server-side programming language primarily used for building dynamic websites and web applications.

C#: C# is a modern, object-oriented programming language mainly used for Windows applications, games (Unity) and web backends (ASP.NET).

Swift: Swift is a fast and safe programming language developed by Apple for building iOS, macOS, watchOS and tvOS applications.

GoLang: Go (GoLang) is a simple, fast and efficient programming language mainly used for server-side applications, network services and cloud-based systems.

Kotlin: Kotlin is a modern programming language fully compatible with Java, used primarily for Android app development, but also suitable for web and server-side development.

In the article below I present the 9 best web development languages in 2025, their limitations and their best use cases.

What is web development?

Web development is the collection of disciplines dealing with the design, development and operation of websites and web applications. 

Web development can be divided into two main categories:

  • Frontend development: focuses on building the user interface.
  • Backend development: handles server-side processes.

Now let’s see which are the most popular web development languages in 2025.

The 9 best programming languages for web development

The best web development languages include JavaScript, Python, Ruby, Java, PHP, C#, Swift, GoLang and Kotlin.

1. JavaScript

JavaScript is undoubtedly one of the best web development languages in 2025. It enables developers to build user-friendly, modern and dynamic web applications. The biggest advantage of JS is that it works very well for both frontend and backend development.
On the client side this programming language makes it possible to create interactive functions that make website navigation easier. On the server side it offers many frameworks and libraries that allow developers to implement a wide range of features.

Key characteristics:

  • Client-side scripting language: JavaScript is primarily used to create interactive and dynamic content in browsers.
  • High-level language: A high-level programming language that makes code easier to write and understand.
  • Dynamic typing: There is no need to define the data type of variables in advance, which allows for flexible programming.
  • Prototype-based OOP: JavaScript uses a prototype-based model for object-oriented programming.
  • Event-driven programming: Supports event-driven programming, allowing you to define handlers for user actions such as clicks and keypresses.

Advantages:

  • Client-side interactivity: Improves user experience with features like form validation, animations and dynamic content updates without reloading the page.
  • Versatility: Can be used for web development, mobile apps (React Native), server-side development (Node.js) and game development (Phaser).
  • Rich ecosystem: A broad range of libraries (jQuery, React, Vue.js) and frameworks (Angular, Express.js) simplify development.
  • Community support: A large and active community contributes to open-source projects and provides extensive support and resources.
  • Fast development cycles: Its dynamic nature and flexible syntax allow fast prototyping and iteration, speeding up development.

Limitations:

  • Browser compatibility issues: Different browsers may interpret JavaScript differently, which can lead to compatibility bugs and inconsistencies.
  • Security vulnerabilities: If not properly sanitized and validated, JavaScript can be vulnerable to attacks such as Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).
  • Single-threaded execution: JavaScript runs on a single thread, which can cause performance limits in computation-heavy or I/O-bound applications.
  • Callback hell: Asynchronous programming with callbacks can result in complicated, hard-to-maintain code structures.
  • Debugging difficulties: Its dynamic nature and loose typing can make debugging complex and error tracing harder.

Use cases:

  • Web development and design: JavaScript is essential for building interactive user interfaces, client-side form validation and asynchronous server communication (AJAX).
  • Mobile app development: Frameworks like React Native allow developers to build cross-platform mobile apps with JavaScript and React.
  • Implementing server-side logic: JavaScript runtimes like Node.js allow developers to build server-side applications, APIs and microservices.
  • Game development: Frameworks such as Phaser and Three.js are used for browser-based games and interactive 3D graphics.
  • Desktop app development: Used with frameworks like Electron to build cross-platform desktop applications using web technologies.

JavaScript-based web development frameworks: React, Angular, Vue.js, Express.js, Next.js, Nuxt.js, Svelte, Meteor, Gatsby, Backbone.js, etc.

2. Python

Python is a very popular, open-source language for backend development that is easy to master even for beginners. Its extensive libraries and frameworks support advanced technologies such as machine learning, data analysis and artificial intelligence, making it extremely versatile. It is also excellent for building automated test scripts.

Key characteristics:

  • High-level language: Allows developers to solve complex tasks with relatively few lines of code.
  • Interpreted language: Python executes code line by line, making debugging easier.
  • Extensive standard library: A huge built-in library supports tasks from web development to data processing.
  • Cross-platform: Runs on Windows, macOS and Linux.
  • Readable and maintainable code: Its syntax focuses on readability, reducing maintenance costs.

Advantages:

  • Easy to learn and use: Its simple syntax and readability make it an excellent choice for beginners.
  • Rapid development: Compact, clear code allows for faster development cycles.
  • Versatility: Suitable for web development, automation, data analysis and machine learning.
  • Strong integration support: Easy to integrate with other languages and technologies.
  • Rich library and framework ecosystem: Libraries such as NumPy, Pandas and TensorFlow accelerate development in data science and machine learning.

Limitations:

  • Performance: Python is generally slower than compiled languages (such as C++ or Java).
  • Memory usage: Can have higher memory requirements, which is not ideal for memory-sensitive tasks.
  • Mobile development: Not a primary language for mobile app development, so its use is limited in this area.
  • Threading issues: The Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) can be a bottleneck for CPU-intensive, multi-threaded applications.
  • Runtime errors: Due to dynamic typing, more runtime errors can occur that are not always caught during development.

Use cases:

  • Web application development: Widely used for dynamic web applications with frameworks like Django and Flask, which are simple and reliable.
  • Data analysis and machine learning: Suitable for data processing, visualisation and ML using libraries such as Pandas, NumPy and Matplotlib.
  • Automation and scripting: Ideal for automating repetitive tasks such as file handling or data entry.
  • Game development: Used for games and graphical interfaces, supported by the Pygame library.
  • Network applications: Offers modules like socket, Twisted and asyncore for network programming.

Python-based web development frameworks: Django, Flask, FastAPI, Pyramid, Tornado, Bottle, CherryPy, Falcon, Sanic, etc.

3. Ruby

Ruby is also a very popular object-oriented language mainly used for backend web development and often known thanks to the Ruby on Rails framework. It has similar characteristics to other scripting languages.

Key characteristics:

  • Object-oriented programming (OOP): In Ruby, everything is an object, including simple data types. It supports classes, inheritance and polymorphism, facilitating modular and reusable code.
  • Dynamic typing: Variables don’t require type declarations, providing flexibility and simplicity.
  • Garbage collection: Manages memory automatically, helping to avoid memory leaks and ensuring efficient memory management.
  • Expressive syntax: Ruby’s syntax is concise and easy to read, making code writing and understanding easier.
  • Cross-platform: Runs on Windows, macOS and Linux, ensuring compatibility across environments.

Advantages:

  • Easy to learn and use: Readable, intuitive syntax makes it ideal for beginners and very efficient for experienced developers.
  • Rapid development: Its expressive nature and rich ecosystem – especially Ruby on Rails – enable fast development.
  • Flexibility: Dynamic typing and metaprogramming capabilities allow for flexible, adaptive code.
  • Community and ecosystem: Backed by an active, supportive community with extensive documentation, libraries (gems) and frameworks.
  • Productivity: Ruby on Rails’ convention-over-configuration approach significantly increases developer productivity.

Limitations:

  • Performance: Ruby is slower than compiled languages like C++ or Java, which can limit it in performance-critical applications.
  • Memory usage: Its dynamic behaviour and garbage collection can lead to higher memory consumption.
  • Concurrency: The Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) limits true parallel thread execution, so multi-threaded performance is constrained.
  • Deployment: Deploying and managing Ruby applications can be complex, although tools like Capistrano and Heroku help.
  • Scalability: Handling very high loads may require additional architectural planning or complementary technologies.

Use cases:

  • Rapid prototyping: Ruby’s fast development cycles make it ideal for prototypes and MVPs. Examples: startup apps, proof-of-concept projects.
  • Automation scripts: Readability and simplicity make it a good choice for automation tasks. Examples: sysadmin tasks, data processing scripts.
  • Data processing: Suitable for data processing and ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) tasks. Examples: data parsing, web scraping.
  • Software testing: Popular for writing test scripts and frameworks thanks to readable syntax and powerful test libraries. Examples: test automation, unit tests, integration tests.
  • API development: Good for building APIs and web services, often with Sinatra or Ruby on Rails. Examples: RESTful APIs, microservices.

Ruby-based web development frameworks: Ruby on Rails, Sinatra, Hanami, Padrino, Merb, Cuba, Camping.

4. Java

Java is a programming language owned by Oracle, known for its object-oriented nature, platform independence and security. Its syntax is heavily inspired by C++. The Java testing ecosystem offers many frameworks such as Selenium, JUnit and TestNG.

Key characteristics:

  • Object-oriented programming (OOP): Java uses objects to represent data and apply methods, promoting modular programming and code reuse.
  • Platform independence: Java bytecode can run on any device where the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is installed, ensuring cross-platform compatibility.
  • Automatic memory management: Java uses garbage collection to automatically manage memory allocation and release, reducing memory leaks and related bugs.
  • Stable and secure: Strong memory handling, exception handling and built-in security mechanisms support stable and secure application development.
  • Multithreading support: Java supports concurrent threads, allowing multiple threads to run in parallel and improving application performance.

Advantages:

  • Portability: Thanks to the “Write once, run anywhere” (WORA) principle and the JVM, Java applications can run on different platforms.
  • Performance optimization: Just-In-Time (JIT) compilers translate bytecode into native machine code at runtime, speeding up execution.
  • Scalability: Suitable for applications ranging from small utilities to large enterprise systems, ensuring scalability and adaptability.
  • Rich ecosystem: Extensive frameworks (e.g. Spring, Hibernate) and libraries support development and increase productivity.
  • Community support: A large and active community provides resources, documentation and help for learning and debugging.

Limitations:

  • Memory usage: Java applications may require more memory compared to some other languages due to JVM overhead.
  • Performance overhead: The JVM introduces runtime overhead, although modern JIT compilers reduce this.
  • Verbosity: Java code is often longer and requires more lines than other languages such as Python to achieve the same functionality.
  • Learning curve: Its extensive features and OOP nature can make it a steep learning curve for beginners.
  • Lack of low-level control: Java hides most low-level programming details, which can be a drawback for system-level tasks.

Use cases:

  • Enterprise solutions: Widely used for enterprise applications such as ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) and CRM (Customer Relationship Management) systems.
  • Mobile development: Java is a primary language for Android app development, enabling feature-rich Android applications.
  • Scientific computing: Favoured for scientific computing and research due to its stability and security, especially for simulations and modelling.
  • Distributed systems: Built-in networking capabilities support distributed systems such as client–server applications and cloud services.
  • Big data processing: Plays an important role in big data processing in frameworks like Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark.

Java-based web development frameworks: Spring, JavaServer Faces (JSF), Hibernate, Struts, Grails, Play Framework, Vaadin, JHipster, Apache Wicket, etc.

5. PHP

PHP is an open-source scripting language mainly used for developing dynamic and complex websites. It runs on the server and generates dynamic web pages. As an interpreted language, it doesn’t require compilation.

Key characteristics:

  • Server-side scripting: PHP was specifically designed for server-side scripting, making it ideal for dynamic websites and applications.
  • HTML integration: PHP code can be embedded directly into HTML, seamlessly combining server-side logic with web pages.
  • Cross-platform compatibility: Runs on Windows, macOS, Linux and Unix systems.
  • Extensive standard library: Offers many built-in functions for database management, file operations and data encryption.
  • Database integration: Strong support for various databases, especially MySQL, Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server.

Advantages:

  • User-friendly syntax: Relatively easy to learn with a simple and understandable syntax.
  • Cost-effective: Open source and free to use, which reduces development costs.
  • Strong community support: A large, active community provides extensive documentation, tutorials and support.
  • Wide hosting support: Most web hosting services support PHP by default, making deployment easier.
  • Fast development cycles: Easy to use and supported by many tools and frameworks, enabling fast development and rollout.

Limitations:

  • Security: PHP has historically been criticised for security issues, especially in older versions. Proper coding practices and regular updates are essential to reduce risks.
  • Performance: PHP can be slower than other server-side languages like Node.js or compiled languages like Java, especially for CPU-intensive tasks.
  • Concurrency: Not as effective in handling asynchronous and parallel tasks as some newer technologies.
  • Inconsistencies: Function names and parameters in PHP can be inconsistent, which may cause confusion and bugs.
  • Maintainability: Large PHP codebases can become hard to maintain without proper structure and best practices, especially without a framework.

Use cases:

  • Dynamic websites and applications: Widely used for building dynamic websites and applications, such as popular content management systems like WordPress and Drupal.
  • E-commerce solutions: Many e-commerce platforms like Magento and OpenCart are built with PHP.
  • Server-side scripting: Used for creating interactive and dynamic websites on the server side.
  • Custom web applications: Used for building custom web applications tailored to specific business needs.
  • APIs and web services: Suitable for building RESTful APIs and web services as well.

PHP-based web development frameworks: Laravel, Symfony, CodeIgniter, CakePHP, Slim, FuelPHP, etc.

6. C#

C# is an object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft primarily for the .NET framework and Windows applications. Since then its use has expanded and it is now used on Android, iOS and Linux platforms as well. It is particularly popular in game and mobile app development.

Key characteristics:

  • Object-oriented programming (OOP): The language supports objects and classes, promoting modular programming and code reuse through inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism.
  • Common Language Runtime (CLR): C# runs on the .NET CLR, which provides core services such as garbage collection, exception handling and resource management.
  • Language-Integrated Query (LINQ): Built-in query syntax in the language allows efficient data manipulation and retrieval.
  • Strong typing and static binding: Strong type checking and static binding help catch errors at compile time, improving reliability and performance.
  • Automatic memory management: Uses garbage collection to automatically manage memory, reducing leaks and memory-related bugs.

Advantages:

  • Optimised performance: C# is first compiled to intermediate language (IL), then JIT-compiled to native code, providing high performance.
  • Increased productivity: A rich standard library, powerful IDEs and features like LINQ and async/await significantly speed up development.
  • Versatile applications: Widely used for desktop and web applications, games and cloud services.
  • Strong security: Strong type checking, array bounds checking and automatic garbage collection help ensure application integrity and security.
  • Vibrant community and ecosystem: A dynamic developer community and extensive libraries and frameworks provide plenty of support and resources.

Limitations:

  • Platform dependency: Although .NET Core and later versions have greatly improved cross-platform support, C# can still pose challenges for truly cross-platform development.
  • Memory usage: C# applications typically use more memory than low-level languages, which can be an issue for resource-constrained programs.
  • Complex learning curve: Asynchronous programming, LINQ and advanced OOP concepts can make C# challenging for beginners.
  • Runtime overhead: The CLR introduces performance overhead compared to native languages like C++, which may be noticeable in high-performance scenarios.
  • Deployment size: .NET applications can have larger deployment sizes due to the runtime and libraries, affecting installation and distribution efficiency.

Use cases:

  • Desktop application development: C# plays a major role in building desktop apps, from simple productivity tools to complex GUIs.
  • Web development with ASP.NET: Used to build dynamic web applications with ASP.NET and ASP.NET Core frameworks, both for frontend and backend.
  • Mobile development with Xamarin: With Xamarin, C# supports cross-platform mobile development for iOS, Android and Windows Phone.
  • Enterprise software solutions: Widely used for ERP, CRM and business analytics tools leveraging the .NET framework.
  • Cloud services on Azure: C# plays a key role in building cloud-based applications and services on Microsoft Azure, ensuring scalability, reliability and integration.

C#-based web development frameworks: ASP.NET Core, ASP.NET MVC, Blazor, Web API, NancyFX, SignalR, Sitecore, Umbraco, DotNetNuke, CakePHP.

7. Swift

Apple introduced Swift in 2014 as a language that works seamlessly across Apple platforms such as iOS, macOS, watchOS and tvOS. The goal of the language is to improve user experience on Apple devices and it provides a wide range of tools and APIs to achieve this.

Key characteristics:

  • Modern syntax: Swift has a clean syntax that makes code easy to read and write.
  • Type safety: A strongly typed language that catches many errors at compile time, reducing runtime crashes.
  • Optionals: Swift includes optionals to handle the absence of values, improving code safety and preventing common runtime errors.
  • Performance: Swift is fast and in many tasks its performance is comparable to C++.
  • Automatic Reference Counting (ARC): Memory-efficient operation is supported by ARC, which reduces memory leaks and optimises performance.

Advantages:

  • Easy to use: Modern syntax and advanced features make code writing and maintenance easier.
  • Safety: Strong typing, optionals and error-handling mechanisms increase code safety and reduce bugs.
  • Performance: Swift is optimised for modern hardware, making it suitable for both mobile and desktop apps.
  • Active development: Apple continuously develops and supports Swift with regular updates and improvements.
  • Swift Playgrounds: An interactive environment that makes learning and experimenting with Swift easier, ideal for both beginners and experienced developers.

Limitations:

  • Learning curve: Although Swift is easier to learn than Objective-C, there is still a learning curve, especially for those new to the Apple ecosystem.
  • Ecosystem: Swift is primarily focused on Apple platforms, which can limit true cross-platform development.
  • Young language: It is a relatively young language and continues to evolve, which may require occasional code updates.
  • Tooling: While improving, the tooling and ecosystem around Swift are not as mature as for some older languages.
  • Binary compatibility: Earlier Swift versions had issues with binary compatibility, although this has improved significantly in recent releases.

Use cases:

  • iOS and macOS apps: Swift is the primary language for developing iOS, macOS, watchOS and tvOS applications. Examples: mobile apps, desktop software.
  • Systems programming: Swift’s performance and safety features make it suitable for low-level system programming such as OS components or drivers.
  • Server-side development: Swift can be used for server-side development with frameworks like Vapor or Kitura. Examples: web services, backend APIs.
  • Scripting: Suitable for scripting and automation tasks thanks to its readability and performance. Examples: build scripts, automated tests.
  • Game development: Swift is used in game development with frameworks like SpriteKit and SceneKit. Examples: mobile games, interactive simulations.

Swift-based web development frameworks: Vapor, Perfect, Kitura, SwiftNIO.

8. GoLang (Go)

Go, or Golang, is a programming language developed by Google that is becoming increasingly popular in web development. It stands out with its simplicity, efficiency and strong support for concurrency, making it an excellent choice for building scalable and high-performance web applications. For web developers looking for a modern and efficient language, Go is a promising option.

Key characteristics:

  • Strong standard library: Go has a rich standard library providing features such as web servers, cryptography and I/O operations.
  • Cross-compilation: Code can be compiled for multiple platforms from a single codebase.
  • Built-in testing: The standard library includes a testing framework that makes it easy to write and run tests.
  • Efficient package management: Uses a simple package management system that makes handling dependencies and versions easier and speeds up development.
  • High performance: Go compiles to native machine code, resulting in fast execution.

Advantages:

  • Flexible deployment: Static linking allows compiled binaries to be deployed easily without runtime dependencies, simplifying deployment across environments.
  • Static typing and safety: Compile-time error detection improves code reliability and reduces runtime errors.
  • Concurrency and scalability: Goroutines and channels make it easy to build high-performance applications that handle concurrent workloads.
  • Efficient development: Fast compile and execution times and automatic garbage collection result in faster development cycles.
  • Robust tooling and community support: Go has a solid tooling ecosystem and a strong, active community providing resources, libraries and frameworks.

Limitations:

  • Lack of functional programming features: Go is primarily an imperative language and doesn’t support many functional programming constructs.
  • Single inheritance model: Go favours composition over inheritance, which can feel limiting to developers used to multiple inheritance.
  • No native GUI library: Go does not include a built-in GUI library for creating graphical interfaces.
  • Limited language features: Its simplicity means it lacks some features (historically generics, now partly addressed), which can make code less flexible and reusable.
  • Relatively young ecosystem: Although growing, Go’s ecosystem is still smaller and less mature than those of Java or Python, which can limit available libraries and frameworks.

Use cases:

  • Web development: Go is ideal for building web servers and APIs thanks to its performance and simplicity.
  • Cloud services: Excellent for microservices and cloud-native applications due to its concurrency support and compatibility with Docker and Kubernetes.
  • Network tools: Efficiently handles concurrent connections, making it ideal for high-performance networking tools such as load balancers and proxies.
  • DevOps and infrastructure: Used to develop automation tools and CI/CD pipelines. Well-known tools like Terraform and Kubernetes are written in Go.
  • Data processing: Go’s efficiency and concurrency capabilities make it suitable for real-time data processing such as streaming and ETL.

GoLang-based web development frameworks: Gin, Echo, Beego, Revel, Buffalo, Iris, Fiber, Chi.

9. Kotlin

Kotlin is a modern programming language developed by JetBrains. It stands out for its seamless interoperability with Java, allowing it to run on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and leverage existing Java frameworks, libraries and resources. It is especially popular in Android app development.

Key characteristics:

  • Open source: Kotlin is an open-source language.
  • Java compatibility: Fully interoperable with Java, making it easy to use existing Java libraries and frameworks.
  • Null safety: Built-in null safety features reduce the risk of null pointer exceptions.
  • Extension functions: Kotlin allows you to add new methods to existing classes without modifying their source code, increasing flexibility and usability.
  • Type inference: A powerful type inference system simplifies code without compromising type safety.

Advantages:

  • Easy to use: Kotlin’s concise and expressive syntax makes code easier to read and maintain.
  • Seamless Android development: Officially supported by Google and offers modern tools for efficient Android app development.
  • Increased productivity: Features like null safety, type inference and extension functions speed up development.
  • Java compatibility: Full interoperability with Java makes integrating existing codebases easier.
  • Active community and support: Backed by JetBrains and Google with a growing, active developer community.

Limitations:

  • Learning curve: Developers coming from Java or other languages may need time to get used to Kotlin’s features and syntax.
  • Slower compilation: Kotlin compilation can be slower than Java for large projects.
  • Limited native libraries: Kotlin’s native ecosystem is smaller than Java’s, although it is steadily improving.
  • Tooling and integration: Some tools and frameworks still offer better or more mature support for Java.
  • Runtime performance: In some cases Kotlin’s runtime performance can lag behind that of other statically typed compiled languages.

Use cases:

  • Android apps: Ideal for Android app development, leveraging Kotlin’s modern features and Google’s support.
  • Server-side applications: Suitable for server-side development with frameworks like Ktor and Spring Boot.
  • Web solutions: Can be used for full-stack web development, with Kotlin/JS for frontend and Kotlin/JVM for backend.
  • Data science: Increasingly used for data science and machine learning tasks with libraries like KotlinDL.
  • Multiplatform development: Kotlin Multiplatform allows sharing code across platforms such as iOS, Android and the web.

Kotlin-based web development frameworks: Ktor, Spring Boot (with Kotlin), Vert.x, Jooby.

How to choose the best programming language for web development

Choosing the right programming language for a web development task is a key decision that strongly affects the success of the project. With so many options available, it’s important to understand the most important selection criteria. Below I’ll walk through these factors:

Project complexity

Before you start looking for a specific programming language, you need clarity on your requirements. The size and complexity of the project will affect which language you choose.
For a simple brochure website, HTML and CSS may be enough, but for a complex enterprise business application you’ll likely need something like C# or Java.

Ease of learning

Not all programming languages are the same. Some are simple and easy to learn, while others can be more complex. When choosing the best language for web development, it’s important to consider the learning curve.

Learning a completely new language takes time and energy, so it’s worth choosing one that you can pick up quickly for faster development.

Python, JavaScript, HTML and PHP are among the most popular and easiest to understand. Becoming proficient in these will also make it easier to learn more complex languages later.

Maintainability

Maintainability is another important factor when choosing a web development language. Make sure you pick a language that is simple and easy to maintain – this can save you a lot of time and effort in the long run.

Market demand

Demand for different web development languages changes over time. So if you’re planning to become a web developer, it’s worth choosing a programming language that will remain in demand in the future as well, so your knowledge stays valuable in the long term.